Introduction to Electronics

Welcome to everyone
From today we are going to deal with the concepts of electronics from the basic fundamentals . After the completion of these basics with appropriate study we will start the study of major concepts of our technological engineering concepts..

Firstly, talking about the word electronics and it stands for the meaning of electromechanics.

Definition: Basically it is defined as the branch of science and engineering which deals with the elctron devices and their utilization.....

Here comes a question that what is an electron device???.

Electron device: The term electron device means that in a device where the process of conduction takes place due to the movement of electrons basically with in a semiconductor.

Aim of electronics: processing or amplifying an electric signal...

The basic difference between electrical and electronics fields is...

In electrical field , they work with high voltages i.e., of 11KV,22KV,33KV.........
But the frequency used is 50 Hertz in all over the India.
Where as in electronics field they deal with very high frequencies some times upto Gigahertz...

In the above , we have stated about semiconductor..
Actually all of you are very familiar with the concept of semiconductor.
Till I am giving a brief analysis.
Semi conductors are of two types:
Intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors.

Intrinsic semiconductors are pure semicoductors.
Silicon and germanium are the examples of intrinsic semiconductors.
Semiconductors added impurities through the process called doping are known Extrinsic semiconductors.
They are again classified into two types..
1. p-type semiconductor:
  These are the semicoductors doped with trivalent impurities i.e., boron, gallium, indium etc.,
2. n-type semiconductor:
  These are the semiconductors doped with pentavalent impurities i.e.,  arsenic , antimony ,bismuth etc.,

This is the basic introduction to electronics field.
In the later sections we will discuss these topics in deep..

Stay tuned for next update... Follow and share the link to the maximum extent for better people to stay in..

Alternating sources

Hi.. Everyone , in my last post I have provided the basic information about the energy sources.Actually the energy sources we have discussed are dc sources in addition to those there are some sources where the voltage and current may vary with time sinusoidally , exponentially etc., and the sources are called the Alternating sources.

Basically the types of alternating sources depends on the type of input periodic signal we are giving to the source.

The wave forms can be represented by
                    f(t) = f(t+nT)
                          

Here n is an integer and T is the time period of the periodic wave form.

Out of the periodic functions , the sinusoidal function being the most common and being widely used.

Now let us discuss some important factors regarding the periodic sine wave.

1.Peak value:
It is defined as the maximum value of the sine wave either during positive half cycle or negative half cycle.
                         

Vm is the peak value of sinusoidal voltage wave .
Im is the peak value of sinusoidal current wave.
Generally sinusoidal periodic wave form is represented as.
                  V=Vm Sinwt.

                   I=Im Sinwt.

2.Instantaneous value:
It is the value of the periodic sine wave at any instant of the cycle. This value  will be different at different points of the wave form.
                            

3.Average value:
Generally it is the average value of the sine wave during its cycle but the average value of a sine wave during its full cycle will be zero because of positive and negative half cycles. It is calculated only for the either anyone of the half cycle.

                    Vav= 2Vm/π

                    Vav = 0.637Vm.
4.RMS Value:
As we discussed earlier ,the effect of sine wave over a complete cycle is zero. So in order to get it's effective value we are considering in terms of heating power and this is called Root Mean Square Value or RMS Value.
                        Vrms= Vm /√2.
                        Vrms= 0.707 Vm.
5.Form Factor
It is defined as the ratio of RMS value to the average value .
The basic requirement of form factor is , on some cases if the two alternating waves having same peak values and same frequency may look different . In these cases their configurations change. Form factor represents this change in configuration of periodic waveforms where the frequencies and amplitudes are same.

Form Factor (FF) = Vrms /Vav

                        FF= 0.707Vm/0.637Vm

                        FF= 1.11

Energy Sources

A warm welcome to every one . Already we have completed some interesting and simple topics but they are the basic roots for a knowledge tree to grow.
Today's post is about the energy sources.
By going through this concept you will be able to know about the types of energy sources and their classification.

Energy sources are categorized into two types . They are:
1.Independent energy source.
2.Dependent energy source.

Both of the energy sources either be a voltage source or a current source.

Independent energy sources are the energy sources where the strength of the voltage and current is not changed by any variation in the connected network .

Independent energy sources are indicated by a circle symbol .

Dependant energy sources are the sources whose magnitude of voltage or current are decided by varying the elements in the connected network.
There are four types of Dependant energy sources.They are:
1.Voltage Controlled Voltage Source.
2.Voltage Controlled Current Source.
3.Current Controlled Current Source.
4.Current Controlled voltage Source.

Whereas the dependant sources are indicated by a rhombus symbol.

Examples:

Voltage sources: Batteries and Generators.

Current sources: Most of the semiconductors like transistors i.e., BJT,JFET,MOSFET etc.,

In addition to these there are some other types of sources where the voltage and current may vary with time exponentially, sinusoidally those sources are called alternating sources.

Circuit Elements

In my last post I have given an introduction about this blog and some content related to network elements. And in today's post I am going to give you a brief explanation about the main circuit elements.They are
1.Resistor
2.Inductor and
3.Capacitor

1.Resistor: What is a resistor?...
Before going to know about resistor , you should know the property called RESISTANCE.
Resistance is the property of a material by virtue of which it opposes the flow of electrons through the material.
It is clearly explained by Ohm's law.

Ohm's law:
At constant temperature , the current through an conductor is directly proportional to the applied potential difference across it.
            
              R= V/I
        UNIT: OHM.
Let us suppose  electric current is flowing through the conductor, heat is generated with in the conductor due to collision of free electrons with atoms.
From this we can say that energy lost in the conductor due to resistance is in the form of heat.

2.Inductor:
To understand the concept of inductance you should know some basic electromagnetism principles.

If a wire of finite length is twisted into a coil a simple inductor is formed.

If an amount of current flows through the coil , an electromagnetic field is formed. With any change of flow of current ,electromagnetic field also changes and with the change of field emf will be induced in the coil.

Inductance is the property of a material by virtue of which if opposes any change of magnitude or direction of current passing through the conductor.
     Unit: Henry.
Inductance is denoted by L.

Capacitor:
Capacitor is a circuit element which has the capability to store electric charge with in it.
It stores the electrical energy in the form of electric field by the two polarities of charges on the two electrodes(capacitor plates).

Capacitance can be defined as the charge per unit voltage.
                 C=q/v.
Unit of capacitance is Farad F.
Important point.
Where as in resistor ,it dissipates energy in the form of heat but in an inductor and in a capacitor they store energy but never dissipate.

Introduction

Basic introduction:

                                                

Welcome to this blog. This blog provides an overview of the basics of electrical and electronics engineering that are required at undergraduate level, efforts have been taken to keep the complexity level of the subject to bare minimum so that the students of either circuit branch or non-circuited branched  can easily understand the basics. As a part of this  we have to study the fundamentals such as network theory, electromagnetism, electrical machines, measuring instruments, transformers, electronics devices and circuits,semiconductor devices, digital electronics and integrated circuits. 

Here we you go to 1st major important chapter in field of electricity i.e, network theory. 
The basic question is  "what is network "?
                  Ans:  Network means an arrangement of the various electric energy sources along with the different circuit elements.
                   Next one is different types of network elements.
In electric circuits,we can classify the circuit elements as
1)Active and passive elements :
The connection of passive and active elements by means of conductor is called an active network. If the active  sources are absent,it is called passive network.

a).Active elements: These are voltage sources and current sources and these are also energy sources.(or) The devices or components which produce energy in the form of Voltage or Current are called as Active Components

Examples:Generators,vacuum tubes,transistors etc.

b).Passive elements:A passive element is an electrical component that does not generate power, These elements either dissipates energy in the form of heat or store energy.

Examples:Resistors(R),capacitors(C),inductors(L).

2)Lumped and distributed elements:

a).Lumped elements:Physically separate elements such as resistors,capacitors and inductors are has called lumped elements.

b).Distributed elements: 

A Distributed elements is one which cannot be separated for the purpose of analysis. A transmission line distributed R,C,l along its length.

3).Bilateral and unilateral elements:These components include controlled & uncontrolled source of energy, resistors, capacitors, inductors, etc. Analysis of these circuits refers to the calculations required to end the unknown quantities like power, voltage and current connected with one or more components in the circuit. 

a)Bilateral elements:

In this the voltage current relation is the same for current flowing in either direction

Examples:Resistors(R),inductor (L),capacitor(C)

b)Unilateral elements:

A Unilateral element has different relations between voltage and current for the two possible directions of current

Examples: Vacuum tubes,silicon diodes,metal rectifiers etc.

4).Linear and non-linear elements:

An element is said to be linear, if it satisfies the linear voltage-current relationship i.e, V-I relationship should be linear, otherwise it is said to be non-linear.